Michigan's timber business and the 19th century approached one another. Picket barons swept via the state like a hurricane, as they'd executed in New England and New York, driving away the final of the world's nice white pine forests. Of their wake had been dying cities, tons of of kilometers of flammable rubble, erosion-driven marshland, and the astonishment of these left behind, that they'd traded their heritage for a handful of shining cash. Everywhere in the state, considered one of them, Caro, who was inexplicably named after Cairo, Egypt, was threatened with extinction.
If a metropolis within the 20th century even had an opportunity to discover a place, then it wanted an business. Mayors of town and different heads of state throughout the nation have opted for one. Caro had been speaking about Bay County sugar beet, the place an entrepreneur named Thomas Cranage had arrange a sugar refinery in Essexville, a suburb of Bay Metropolis, one other wooden city, searching for an financial base to interchange wooden. The outcomes of the Cranage experiment sparked enthusiasm that shortly resolved the gloom that had settled within the hearts and minds of the heads of the tottering wooden communities.
Cranage traveled to Nebraska, Utah, New Mexico, and California, the place he witnessed the method, talked to and employed the technicians. Then he based the Michigan Sugar Firm. To keep away from the errors of many entrepreneurs, he discovered that it had sufficient capital to climate the disappointments that so usually accompany new ventures.
The Michigan Sugar Firm benefited not solely from good planning, but additionally from good climate. In any case, the primary season of sugar beet harvesting and processing (known as the "marketing campaign" within the beet sugar business) has been a exceptional success. The farmers harvested a median of 10.Three tons of three,103 hectares every, for a complete of 32,047 tons of sugar beet. The sugar content material of the beets averaged 12.93 p.c with an eighty-two p.c purity, from which the manufacturing facility extracted 5,685,552 kilos of sugar. A sugar content material of 12.93 p.c meant that each tonne of beet bought contained 258.6 kilos of sugar. Of those, the brand new sugar manufacturing facility packed 169 kilos, which equated to a complete sixty-nine p.c sugar yield, a superb consequence for a primary marketing campaign.
Charles Montague was a very powerful of the leaders in Caro, the middle of exercise of the Tuscola district. Town waited to listen to what Mr. Montague mentioned concerning the sugar speech.
Montague was fifty-two when Michigan started to open his eyes to the prospect of sugar. He has been profitable in lots of areas, together with banking, agriculture, woodworking, merchandising and manufacturing. Along with the possession and operation of town resort, he additionally operated the native phone system and the corporate for electrical lighting.
If a sugar manufacturing facility was to be in-built a metropolis, a outstanding citizen could be wanted to get on board. Somebody whose involvement gave trigger for excitement-enough to let go of {dollars} from hidden places-enough to make the peasants look favorably on breeding beets that would make residents rich. Because it turned out, Caro was one of many few communities in Michigan that didn't have to generate funding inside the neighborhood. In Detroit, ninety miles south, keen traders sought mature alternatives and nearer to the close by city of Vassar, a person lived whose eye catching was all the time looking out for alternatives.
Richard Hoodless lived in Vasser, a small city named after Mathew Vassar, the founding father of Vassar College. He had spent a few years in Europe as a purchaser of agricultural merchandise for an English firm. He noticed his first beet fields in Germany twenty years in the past, noticed affluent factories close to cities, factories that employed staff, purchased provides and paid taxes to native governments, and usually prompted a rising tide of continued prosperity through which no citizen A chance to immerse your self within the treasure of the beet fields.
Hoodless sought methods to multiply the success of German farmers. As luck would have it, a Chicago newspaper printed an advert positioned by August Maritzen, a younger architect not too long ago married. He had taken a break from his honeymoon to advertise the enterprise for a producer in Germany whose title might be pronounced by most People solely once they first stuffed their mouths with marbles. It was A. Wernicke Maschinenbau Aktiengesellschaft, Halle, Germany. Hoodless responded to the advert, and in return Maritzen supplied the sizable sum of $ 4,000 (greater than $ 80,000 in fashionable {dollars}) if Hoodless may elevate a lot curiosity in founding a manufacturing facility in Caro.
On the one hand, Hoodless in Charles Montague had a person of wealth who liked each alternative and expertise, via his management of the native phone and lighting firms, new shining options of late 19th-century expertise, after which in Wernicke proved to be an skilled manufacturing facility builder who needs to construct a manufacturing facility in the US. For assist, he turned to 2 pals, Fred Wheat, who had been related to the Montagues for a few years, and John Wilsey. Weizen was a lawyer whose spouse was Maria Montague, a sister of Charles Montague.
Hoodless then fashioned a residents' committee that turned the predecessor of the Caro Sugar Firm. A member of the committee, Fred Slocum, additionally served as writer of the Tuscola County Advertiser and helped unfold the thought in its information columns. The farmers in Caro's neighborhood had been conscious of the good pleasure that triggered the experiment in Essexville, and Charles Montague and his colleague, banker John Seeley, who had earned his spurs in coal mining. He served as vp of the Sebewaing Coal Firm; a company led by Spencer O. Fisher, who additionally participated within the Michigan Sugar Firm in Essexville and later turned president of the West Bay Metropolis Sugar Firm.
After Montague picked up the ball, he ran for the tip zone, ignoring aggressive affords for manufacturing facility development. In reality, it was Wernicke's agent, Max Schroeder, who had teamed up with Montague and Seeley on a January 1899 journey to Detroit. The deal was sizzling. The large concern was that one other metropolis would beat Caro by taking funding {dollars} from the Tuscola district. Time was essential.
For every week, town held its breath because the trio met key financiers in Detroit. Daniel Gutleben reported in his The Sugar Tramp in 1954 that the Organizing Committee of Caro had acquired a telegram stating that funding capitalists had invested within the manufacturing facility and had awarded Wernicke the contract to construct it. In line with the Tuscola County Advertiser, Pandemonium was "ruling." Seeley arrived alone on Tuesday night with a narrative to inform. A narrative Caro nonetheless remembers, handed on by each succeeding era and recorded in Daniel Gutleben's chronicles. It's a narrative that reveals how Charles Montague has gotten some massive metropolis dwellers and large metropolis distributors to speculate closely in Michigan's second beet sugar manufacturing facility.
Nobody doubted Wernicke's potential to construct a manufacturing facility 4 thousand miles from its location in a overseas land the place language, customs, and financial circumstances had been vastly completely different from their homeland. There was nobody on the board who had any expertise with beet sugar factories, nor did the board of administrators foresee the necessity to rent senior executives with such expertise. In any case, Wernicke was the sugar skilled with greater than 200 initiatives, together with one which has simply been accomplished in Australia. It didn't matter both, as Wernicke enthusiastically signed an Amour, with which the brand new manufacturing facility purchased 500 tons of turnips a day for no less than thirty consecutive days at a worth of three cents a pound for sugar, which is at the moment being bought in Chicago for six cents per pound, retail.
It was not recognized {that a} new manufacturing facility constructed by somebody who lacked the disadvantages of constructing a manufacturing facility abroad throughout its maiden voyage may function at 500 tons per day. Inevitable development issues all the time led to delays. A nice tuning would have an effect on the complete slicing energy for weeks, generally months. The combo additionally included manufacturing facility crews, who had been extra used to strolling axes with axes, or beating timber with axes, than working boilers, motors, diffusers, vacuum pots and vaporizers in good concord. A yr earlier, manufacturing facility builders in Essexville had failed to provide sugar at fifteen cents for 3 and a half cents a pound, and paid him a pricey out-of-court settlement, a truth Wernicke both didn't know or was instantly dismissed from unwarranted belief. As well as, Wernicke agreed to pay $ 300,000 in estimated development prices of $ 400,000.
It was too good a deal for Caro and his traders in Detroit. Over time it acquired higher. As an added incentive, the village council purchased 100 hectares of land in two tons, considered one of which belonged to Charles Montague, and gave it to the manufacturing facility house owners, considered one of whom was Montague. The Caro Water Firm sweetened the deal by offering as much as 500,000 liters of spring water per day at no cost.
So, as a result of power of Montague and Hoodless's ambition and the desire of a metropolis that shouldn't be left behind, Caro was the beneficiary of a manufacturing facility that was largely paid for by outdoors traders. Disclaimer of the unique title The Caro Sugar Firm, the organizers based on January 30, 1899 the Peninsular Sugar Refining Firm with 30,000 shares with a nominal worth of 10 USD. Capitalization rose to $ 500,000 in August of the identical yr and to $ 750,000 in February 1902. The final enhance occurred in September 1902, when it even reached $ 1 million - 100,000 shares at a par worth of $ 10.00.
The moneymen included Detroit industrialist Charles Bewick, who invested within the East Tawas sugar manufacturing facility a number of years later, and Henry B. Pleasure, who turned President of the Packard Motor Automobile Firm in 1905. Pleasure and his members of the family invested in plenty of sugar factories in Michigan, together with Alma, Croswell, and Bay Metropolis. His brother-in-law and co-founder of Packard Motor Automobile Firm, Truman Newberry, additionally invested in Caro and, together with Pleasure, turned one of many firm's administrators. In 1918, Newberry would acquire a cursory repute as a profitable bidder for a US Senate seat for Michigan by defeating Henry Ford, one other magnate who sought the identical publish. (The superstar of Newberry took longer in Michigan's Higher Peninsula, the place they known as a metropolis Newberry, to commemorate his father's thoughtfulness, to crush all of the hardwoods he may discover and switch them into coal.)
David Cady and Gilbert Lee, house owners of a big meals distribution firm in Detroit, managed almost 5 thousand shares between them. Gilbert Lee joined the presidential chair whereas Henry Pleasure voted for a vice presidency.
Inside a number of years, the Sugar Belief got here to town and every part modified. The Sugar Refining Firm, extensively recognized in newspapers because the Sugar Belief, moved to Michigan in 1901 and 1902 and commenced quickly absorbing beet sugar factories. Now Charles Montague was gone, whose power and drive compiled the elements that made up the corporate. Even John Seeley, his good friend and companion, was gone. Richard Hoodless, who began all of it, by no means made it to the listing of shareholders.
In 1903, the listing of shareholders mirrored a few of the prime names of the Sugar Belief. Amongst them was Charles B. Warren, an lawyer for the American Sugar Refining Firm, whose 22,001 shares led the inventory listing of 1904. The second-ranked shareholder was Thomas B. Washington of Boston, Massachusetts, a director of the American Sugar Refining Firm, which held 15,667 shares. 4 years later, following the demise of its founder, Henry O. Havemeyer, he would turn into President of the Sugar Belief. Third was Lowell Palmer, a senior government of the American Sugar Refining Firm, which held 10,126 shares. Collectively, the three managed 48% of the Peninsular Sugar Refining Firm. An attention-grabbing characteristic of the listing of shareholders was the absence of the names of Caro residents, aside from some current residents, staff of the sugar manufacturing facility.
The American Sugar Refining Firm, which was denigrated within the every day press for its monopoly tendencies and rushed to court docket for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, was extremely prized by its 13,000 shareholders who loved a gradual dividend. An under-appreciated facet of the Sugar Belief was the requirement that firms underneath its jurisdiction ought to produce high-quality merchandise at low price. To this finish, skilled advisers had been offered who traveled from plant to plant offering technical data and supervision of the coaching, staffing and inspection of amenities.
However in 1899, the curiosity of the village of Caro was not within the area of excessive finance or company philosophy, however within the tons of of staff who wanted a boarding college, meals, clothes and different requirements and luxuries that led to the money registers round Clock ring city, village. Males, cash, gear and constructing supplies flowed into the hamlet. 48 carloads of apparatus in addition to six million bricks and one thousand cords of stone arrived in fast succession. 300 staff, together with bricklayers incomes fifty cents an hour, in comparison with fifteen cents for abnormal staff and 5 cents for electrician academics, offered a hustle and bustle that started with the melting of the snow in April and ended on October 23 as superintendent Georg Bartsch A A famend skilled in sugar manufacturing with particular recognition, who was received over for his experience within the fields of crystallization and vacuum pan, defined the manufacturing facility to the operation.
Efficiency ensures for brand spanking new beet sugar factories plagued those that dared to spend them - and would quickly plague Wernicke. The manufacturing facility, as described by Gutleben, renounced some American preferences by way of supplies, however positioned the emphasis on manufacturing facility design. It had 4 four-effect wrought iron evaporators with a complete space of 8,911 sq. meters of heating floor, two pans every 9-1 / 2 toes in diameter and 75 sq. meters in top with 753 sq. meters of heating floor and centrifuges with steam jets for ultimate washing of the sugar. Six 700 cubic toes of spray-cooled vacuum-filled crystallizers put in on the ladle ground accelerated cooling, a contemporary characteristic that improved throughput. 9 water tube boilers geared up with mechanical heaters offered sufficient steam. A concrete ground, a Michigan-style luxurious on the time, separated the manufacturing facility of mud and clay beneath.
Two important variations between a manufacturing facility of American design and a manufacturing facility of German design prompted rapid resentment. The primary was that the American management demanded superintendents who impressed the invention of the sentence: "In your toes, not in your home," whereas the German methodology demanded a area marshal commanding from afar and lieutenants for gathering data and data Forwarding data despatched administration to desert knowledge and dictation.
As well as, the European administration methodology required a excessive diploma of secrecy between the administration and the managed staff. As well as, the technicians reserved their data for themselves and shared their data solely with sons or those that had paid nicely for the lesson. The department-oriented manufacturing facility matches in completely with the European administration type. For that reason, the Caro manufacturing facility consisted of a number of separate rooms or departments, the affect of which affected communication and elevated the variety of staff required to function the manufacturing facility. Messengers scurried between the rooms and offered orders and data, not all the time as updated because the circumstances required. In later years, the settlement would complicate the enlargement of the manufacturing facility. The enlargement of 1 space has usually been on the expense of one other. Kilby constructed factories, constructed by Joseph Kilby of Cleveland, Ohio, and thought of by many to be the main producer of sugar factories, in return offered ample area for a five-fold enhance in capability in two and extra consecutive levels of growth small capability to permit additions to the buildings or foundations.
Nevertheless, Wernicke's report for practicability and equity was excellent. Between 1 March 1899 and 23 October of the identical yr, the German firm had shipped a big a part of the manufacturing facility from Germany. It then prompted the design and development of an entire facility in a comparatively new business abroad in slightly below seven months. It turned the primary of eight beet sugar factories in-built Michigan in 1899, making it the second such manufacturing facility in Michigan to Essexville. Wernicke's achievement is taken into account a monumental achievement after 1899 and greater than 100 years later. Apart from the standard upsets, the manufacturing facility was additionally operational, and in some circumstances higher than any start-up this yr.
Because of the lack of information, particularly the sugar content material of the processed beets, the outcomes of the primary marketing campaign can solely be estimated. The close by metropolis of Bay Metropolis reported a sugar content material of 13 p.c, and eleven p.c elsewhere within the state. With a median of 12 p.c on Caro's harvest, because of this the brand new manufacturing facility gained 66 p.c of the sugar within the beets, in comparison with 61 p.c in Benton Harbor, however simply forward of Alma, the place recoveries reached 72 p.c.
As encouraging because the outcomes could have been, the easy truth was that Wernicke didn't fulfill the three circumstances set out within the contract. Failures that may result in a hurried stroll to the woodshed. First, the manufacturing facility didn't reduce 500 tons per day for 30 consecutive days, as we have now promised. Second, the price exceeded three cents a pound, and, third, the manufacturing facility was unwilling to simply accept beets on September 1, 1899, as promised. In line with the corporate, the produced sugar lacked gross sales potential, and far of it was misplaced. At that time, Wernicke acquired to know the contentious nature of pioneering sugar producers in Michigan.
It might have been potential that the corporate had given in considerably in gentle of Wernicke's extraordinary efforts, with the exception that the administrators had been contemplating working losses as a result of the state of Michigan had determined to pay a promised premium for after January 1st To retain sugar produced in 1899. The premium paid by the Treasury to the quantity of 1 pound for every pound of sugar beet sugar produced in Michigan, however declared unconstitutional by the Auditor Basic, a choice later upheld by the Supreme Court docket. The choice was catastrophic for traders, with one p.c equaling a few third of working prices. The Supreme Court docket of the US refused to research the case, resulting in the false assumption that the ruling upheld the ruling of the earlier court docket. The unreleased bounty was $ 40,436; A a lot wanted compensation for a lack of roughly $ 65,000.
When it was time to convey Wernicke to justice, the corporate's administrators elected Charles Evans Hughes, a superb lawyer destined to turn into the Supreme Court docket Supreme Court docket Justice. In preparation for his court docket day at Wernicke, Hughes realized the German language and the beet sugar business from scratch to look at German engineers as consultants. In line with James Howell, a former superintendent of the Caro manufacturing facility who wrote an in depth account of the historical past of Caro, Hughes spent a month within the Caro manufacturing facility exploring each nook of town till he knew his design and performance.
The next lawsuit, based on Gutleben, led to Wernicke's $ 300,000 bond being written down at seventy-five p.c of the contract worth, inflicting Wernicke to fully withdraw from the development of sugar factories in the US. Howell wrote a barely completely different model six years earlier than Gutleben. He mentioned that Wernicke had transferred $ 150,000 and $ 125,000 for the development contract.
Shortly thereafter, the Oxnard Development Firm arrived in Caro to make adjustments to the manufacturing facility, none of which was important to the unique design. American-made centrifuges, sometimes called "Amtool" by American Software Machine Firm, changed these of German design. A significant change had nothing to do with errors within the unique design. The Steffen methodology has been added to take away sugar from molasses. A significant drawback of the period was the excessive sugar content material that escaped the manufacturing course of and combined its days with molasses, the gummy syrup that was left over from the manufacturing course of.
The monetary results of the second yr was spectacular. The brand new centrifugal and Steffens course of (referred to within the business as Steffenhaus) has confirmed itself. Seven million kilos of sugar handed via the warehouse, the product of thirty-two thousand tons of sugar beets containing 14 p.c sugar. The manufacturing facility has produced 243 kilos of sugar from each ton of sugar beet, an enchancment of 35 p.c within the first yr. The brand new Steffen course of had not solely extracted sugar from the every day about twenty tons of molasses, but additionally sugar from molasses that was left over from the earlier harvest.
Henry Oxnard founds a administration dynasty at Caro
Henry Oxnard has executed greater than rework a manufacturing facility by specializing in Caro's issues. He based a administration dynasty that may have a long-lasting affect on not solely the Caro manufacturing facility, but additionally the younger US beet sugar business. Almost ten years earlier, in 1891, Henry Oxnard had recruited a few of the greatest and most expert technicians of the day from Germany and France, who, upon their arrival in America, fashioned the nucleus of a squad to coach People from sugar beets ,
After Oxnard had fashioned his first administration stage, he took care of the engineering division. For the general website administration, he turned to A. P. Cooper, who had labored as a pioneer within the manufacturing facility of Ames, Nebraska, as an assistant. Cooper instantly neglected the Caro manufacturing facility and set in movement a plan to affect the change, and arrange a duet of draftsmen who had accompanied him to Caro. One was Daniel Gutleben, who someday rose to the main manufacturing facility operators and later as a chronicler of the beet business.
With the highest two layers firmly anchored, Oxnard took care of housing a bunch of promising staff who lacked sufficient coaching however who, with acceptable patronage, may work with nice satisfaction.
Charles Sieland, a thirty-six-year-old native German who labored at Oxnard monitoring the adjustments, rejected his compatriots' tendency to withhold data aside from monetary rewards. He adopted the philosophy of Henry Oxnard to change data. Caro was in his eyes not solely a manufacturing facility, but additionally a college. An extended line of producers and managers started his profession with Caro underneath his steerage after which transferred their data to others as they moved from manufacturing facility to manufacturing facility. Considered one of them was William Hoodless, son of the identical Richard Hoodless, who acquired the ball rolling as a result of he had received a manufacturing facility in Caro. Inside a number of years, he took over accountability for the whole manufacturing facility and never lengthy after, he took over the presidency of the Pennsylvania Sugar Refinery in Philadelphia.
In 1906, the Sugar Belief consolidated most of its Michigan pursuits in a single firm, the Michigan Sugar Firm, and renewed the title of the primary firm to construct a sugar manufacturing facility in Michigan. The brand new Michigan Sugar Firm included the Alma Sugar Firm, the Bay Metropolis-Michigan Sugar Firm, the Peninsular Sugar Refining Firm, the Carrollton Sugar Firm, the Croswell Sugar Firm and the Sebewaing Sugar Firm. At the moment, the Belief had a controlling curiosity in Nominee shareholders within the Blissfield Sugar Firm, based in 1905. The East Tawas Sugar Firm, an organization that failed as a enterprise in 1904, was fined The Kilby-built manufacturing facility labored for the Sugar Belief in Chaska, Minnesota, the place it labored for the following 66 years. The Carrollton Sugar Firm additionally owned the late Saginaw Sugar Firm, which owned one other Kilby-built manufacturing facility destined for Sterling, Colorado, the place it served from 1905 to 1985. Charles Warren assumed the presidency of the Michigan Sugar Firm, a place he held till 1925.
By 1920, the solar had set on the Sugar Belief. After a era of assaults by numerous federal businesses, together with the US Division of Justice and the Interstate Commerce Fee, the American Sugar Refining Firm progressively bought its many parts to non-public traders. On this means, the Michigan Sugar Firm loosened the grip of sugar's confidence. His total post-trust board of administrators was made up of residents from Michigan, none of whom had been affiliated with the Sugar Belief, aside from his president, Charles B. Warren, whose curiosity was initially as ambassador to Japan (1921-1922) and first Ambassador to Mexico was later woke up in 1924. In 1925, he misplaced the supply to turn into the Legal professional Basic of the US, whereas the Senate was politically indicted within the US Senate and influenced by an aversion to Warren's earlier affiliation with the Sugar Belief. His quest for public-sector roles saved him away from the president's workplace, a task well-taken by William H. Wallace, who bore the title of 3D Vice President and Basic Supervisor. The primary and second vice presidencies fell on plenty of heavy hitters on the shareholder listing who weren't concerned within the day-to-day actions.
Caro survives time and alter
Due to James Howell, Caro's Superintendent of 1944, who ready a report in 1948, it's realized that Caro started stocking beets in 1937 on the manufacturing facility yard. This is a vital step for growers who had been capable of look into the manufacturing facility after the supply of the beets to the wants of different crops, whereas previously the beets needed to be delivered on demand.
From 1928 to 1937, like most beet sugar factories in Michigan, the Caro manufacturing facility suffered from the unfavorable results of the worldwide financial disaster. From 1937 to the current, nonetheless, Caro reported a gradual enchancment in modernization and enlargement. Centrifuges for white sugar and a brand new pulp warehouse had been added in 1944. A centrifuge is a tool for separating sugar crystals from syrup by filtering the syrup via a sieve which rotates at a adequate price (usually about 1200 rpm) to provide a centrifugal pressure, driving the syrup via perforations in a spin basket. The sugar crystals stay within the basket because the syrup circulates via the method to achieve extra sugar. Diese und andere Änderungen haben dazu geführt, dass die durchschnittliche tägliche Schnittgeschwindigkeit auf 2400 Stunden professional Tag von 500 Tonnen professional Tag im ursprünglichen Design auf mehr als 3.600 Tonnen anwächst, was sie zu einer relativ kleinen Fabrik macht, im Vergleich zu anderen in den USA, in denen sie tätig sind doppelt so groß bis viermal so groß.
Wenn Caro ein Geheimnis für das Überleben von mehr als 100 Jahren hat, ist es so, dass die umgebaute Fabrik Oxnard genau das geblieben ist, was viele Jahre bis heute so ist, dass sie Herausforderungen meistern muss, wenn sie entstehen, die Unterstützung ihrer Gemeinschaft erhält und sich ändert, wenn sich Gelegenheit und Gelegenheit vereinen Veränderung zwingen. Auf diese Weise hängt die älteste Rübenzuckerfabrik der USA in einer schnelllebigen Branche.
Swell:
HOWELL, James, Eine Geschichte der Caro-Fabrik der Michigan Sugar Firm, einem unveröffentlichten Bericht über die Geschichte der Caro-Fabrik, 1. Mai 1948
GUTTLEBEN, Daniel, The Sugar Tramp - 1954, S.182 über den Kauf von Zuckerfabriken durch den Sugar Belief, p. 177 über die Organisation von Sebewaing Sugar und die Betriebsergebnisse, gedruckt von Bay Cities Duplicating Firm, San Francisco, Kalifornien
MARQUIS, Albert Nelson, Herausgeber, The Guide of Detroiters, Seiten 465-468, A.N. Marquis & Firm, Chicago, 1908 - bezüglich der Biographie von Charles B. Warren
MICHIGAN-JAHRESBERICHTE, Michigan Archiv, Lansing, Michigan:
Peninsular Sugar Refining Firm legte 1904 und Michigan Sugar Firm 1924 ein
MOODY, John, The Fact über die Trusts, in Bezug auf die Bemerkung, dass der Sugar Belief 1902 in Michigan Rübenzuckerunternehmen kaufte und zwischen 1892 und 1900 Dividendenzahlungen leistete.
VEREINIGTE STAATEN. Im Bezirksgericht der Vereinigten Staaten für den südlichen Bezirk von New York
USA vs. American Sugar Refining Co., et al. Seite 1674, Petitionsausstellung Nr. 1494
Copyright, 2009, Thomas Mahar, Alle Rechte vorbehalten
No comments:
Post a Comment